F-Secure researcher authors new report exploring how hackers are using third party services to spread malware and extract stolen data from victims.
A researcher from F-Secure Labs has written a new report examining how hackers use third party services to coordinate malware campaigns. The paper was published by Virus Bulletin for its VB2015 conference and examines how the encryption used by online services like Twitter enable attackers, such as the state-sponsored group The Dukes, to spread malware and steal data.
“If I had to put it in a nutshell, I’d say that attackers are using certain third party services to help them fly under the radar of corporate security,” said F-Secure Researcher Artturi Lehtiö, who authored the report and presented his findings at VB2015. “Many online services use encryption to prevent data from being intercepted and stolen while in transit, but the downside of this is that security measures like firewalls aren’t able to identify malicious traffic. It’s a real challenge for companies, and my research has shown how attackers like The Dukes capitalise on this advantage in their attacks.”
The Dukes are a group of state-sponsored attackers that have been targeting governments and related organisations for at least the last seven years and were the topic of a recent whitepaper published by F-Secure Labs. Lehtiö’s new report provides details on how The Dukes execute attacks by using third party services as what security researchers call “command and control” infrastructure – essentially a tool to coordinate attacks.
The report specifically highlights how The Dukes were able to use Twitter to communicate with infected machines and direct them to download additional malware. The Dukes were also able to use Microsoft OneDrive as a data exfiltration tool, allowing them to retrieve stolen data without drawing attention to themselves.
“Using these services as command and control infrastructure lets attackers piggyback on the network access given to reliable online platforms,” said Lehtiö. “Attackers use them for communication with devices that they’ve already infected so, in these cases, they’re not being used to directly target the service providers or random users. Things like social media simply give attackers a user-friendly, cost effective tool to coordinate their campaigns to make sure they achieve their objectives.”
Malware campaigns using third party services are often difficult for companies to detect because the malicious data exchanged between attackers and their targets is encrypted and mixed together with legitimate traffic. Research suggests that many companies are not actively decrypting web traffic to differentiate between the two. One study found that less than fifty per cent of companies with dedicated secure web gateways decrypt outbound traffic, and less than twenty percent of organisations with firewalls, intrusion prevention systems or unified threat management appliances decrypt inbound or outbound SSL traffic.
But according to F-Secure Senior Researcher Jarno Niemelä, relying on security solutions that decrypt Internet traffic can be a risky proposition and companies need to be aware of the potential difficulties in this approach. “Decrypting network traffic using man-in-the-middle techniques can be costly and very complicated to do properly. There have been cases where attackers have taken advantage of this approach to access their victim’s encrypted Internet traffic, essentially exposing confidential information rather than securing it. Companies taking this approach should make sure they have a unique certificate given only to their organisation, as using shared certificates greatly increases the risk of a man-in-the-middle attack.”
Niemelä added that reliable endpoint protection can disrupt these attacks at the point of the initial infection as it does not depend on being able to break or bypass encryption, making it a safe, efficient way for companies to protect themselves. Both of F-Secure’s corporate security offerings, Business Suite and Protection Service for Business, use award-winning endpoint protection technology to detect and prevent malware infections.
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